Compost Power!
Is it really possible to extract heat from compost to warm your barn, greenhouse or home? A grassroots research network is finding out.
Mound construction starts by preparing a foundation of wood chips. Then layers of compost, roughly 6″ – 18″ thick, are spread over the foundation.
Any farmer is well aware that a large heap of fresh manure, livestock bedding and other organic farm residuals will generate substantial heat for several weeks or months. What is less widely known – and what this article intends to introduce to readers – are the methods for capturing this heat for use on the farm while simultaneously producing high quality organic soil amendment. In fact, a growing number of farm businesses in the Northeast are already generating usable heat from farmstead compostable material! To build upon this progress, Compost Power, a small network of researchers, farmers, engineers and do-it-yourself enthusiasts has been investigating and experimenting with small farm and homestead-scale systems for extracting useful heat from compost. In the following article, I will present some results of our efforts thus far, focusing on those of interest and relevance to farmers at any scale as well as sustainable agriculture and renewable energy enthusiasts.
A layer of coiled rigid black plastic water pipe is placed in between the layers of compost.The cinder blocks (2nd and 3rd photos in sequence) are removed when another layer of compost is piled on, so as to keep the coils in concentric loops and avoid tangling.
Before we dig in too deeply, you may be wondering: Does compost really generate enough usable heat? Well, it turns out our ancestors and contemporaries have repeatedly found methods for utilizing the heat by-product of compost. Firstly, records from ancient China depict heat utilization from compost heaps approximately 2,000 years ago. In more recent history, around the turn of the 20th century, in pre-automobile Paris, farmers disposed of the city’s horse manure in composting “hot beds” which heated glasshouses for urban vegetable production [1]. This ancestral wisdom may have inspired post-industrial farmers to explore the value of compost heat capture in sustainable agriculture.
After several alternating layers of compost and water pipe are installed, the pipe ends are connected to the heat load (in this case a house’s radiant floor system).
A rather extraordinary example of compost heat utilization is that of the French farmer and forester Jean Pain, who, through the 1960s and ‘70s, experimented with composting methods on his farm in southern France. In his book [2], Pain describes how he and a crew harvested fire-prone brushwood from his farm to create composting mounds of brushwood. These so-called “Pain mounds” were as large as 100 yards and produced enough thermal energy to heat a batch biodigester and provide the hot potable water needs of the farmstead. In his book, Pain describes equipment he used to capture and utilize the heat, biogas and fertilizer by-products of this integrated renewable energy system. I should note that while compost heat extraction and biodigester technologies have been independently shown to be technically and commercially viable, there is no record of any replication of Jean Pain’s combination of these technologies into a successful enterprise.
Finally, the mound is “capped” with additional compost to insulate the heat capture system and increase the active composting volume.
Closer to home here in the Northeast, there are a few examples of farm- and commercial-scale compost heat extraction. In the 1980s, at the New Alchemy Institute on Cape Cod, MA, Bruce Fulford and a team of applied researchers evaluated the concept of compost-heated greenhouses for season extension and carbon dioxide enrichment in a commercial farm setting [3]. Since 2005, in Franklin County Vermont, Diamond Hill Custom Heifers (DHCH) has been composting approximately 800 tons per year of heifer manure, bedding materials and local biomass to heat potable water and radiant flooring in its farm facilities [4]. Further north, in New Brunswick, Canada, the Greater Moncton Sewerage Commission (GMSC) has pilot-tested a system to extract heat from outdoor sewage-sludge based compost windrows [5]. Finally, since it’s founding in 2010, the Compost Power team has actively supported the construction or operation more than ten farm and homestead-scale compost heat extraction systems, mainly in Vermont and bordering areas [6].
So far, I have glazed over the exact methods and technologies for extracting heat from compost. All compost heat extraction technologies are based on either air-based and water-based (hydronic) heat capture methods. The best way to explain these two methods is through specific examples of their respective application. Air-based heat extraction is exemplified in Diamond Hill Custom Heifers’ system, which employs Agrilab’s proprietary IsoBar technology [7]. In the DHCH system air is pulled down through active compost piles (an arrangement referred to as “negative aeration composting”) by blowers, which then force the resulting compost-heated hot vapor flow through ductwork and over the IsoBar array. The IsoBars are actually thermosiphon tubes, which rapidly transfer heat from the hot vapors within the ductwork to potable water in an insulated bulk tank with no direct energy input.
By contrast, Jean Pain, the Greater Moncton Sewerage Commission and Compost Power have all employed hydronic heat capture methods. In the hydronic method, a network of pipes in embedded under, around or directly within an active compost pile. Water or glycol/water (antifreeze) solution is pumped through these pipes, which heats the fluid. The hot fluid is then pumped to a suitable heat load device, such as a radiant flooring slab, fluid-to-air radiator, or flat-plate heat exchanger. The compost-embedded pipe network and heat load device are thus connected in a heat exchange loop with associated expansion tank and pump.
Now let’s get to some more specific detail regarding the energy-generating potential of compost. A heat capture rate of 1,000 BTU per hour per ton of active compost is the maximum reported from the compost heat extraction processes we’ve investigated. Such a rate has been recorded to last up to 18 months [2]. However, based on my own observations of this technology and consultation with experts in this field, a more realistic estimation for the heat generation potential of active compost is 1,000 BTU/hr/ton for no longer than 6 months. The heat generation rate and longevity are critical variables in determining the viability of heat extraction technology. As such, the Compost Power network is collaborating with experts in the composting community to develop low-cost methods for confidently estimating the heat generation potential of a given compost recipe. Such a method would allow for more rapid and realistic assessment of the viability of compost heat extraction methods.
I’d like to close my discussion with a few key design considerations for farm-based compost heat extraction systems. It is important that you have a keen understanding of the composting process before embarking on any serious consideration of compost heat capture technology. A seasoned composter will know that critical parameters involved in a proper composting process include the C:N ratio, moisture content, the relative biodegradability, porosity of the compost recipe as well as the geometry and physical design of the active composting mass (pile, mound, windrow, bunker, etc). It’s also important to utilize the heat generation to the fullest extent possible. In a recent feasibility study, a design team including myself, determined that heat extraction technology can only be economically attractive for a small-scale farm if the design matches the farm’s heating and nutrient application needs such that substantial energy and fertility costs are offset. While the calculation is sensitive to some variation, I believe this situation is only possible if compost heat is utilized for at least six months out of the year. And, in order to achieve such a level of utilization, the system may need to incorporate thermal storage mechanisms (i.e. insulated bulk storage tanks) to allow for “banking” of captured heat for short periods of time (like when the sun is out for a greenhouse heating application). This, of course, will result in additional capital costs and operational complexity.
By now, current and aspiring farm-scale composters reading this may be considering how to incorporate compost heat extraction technology into their operation. A good place to start is to estimate how much (approximate volume in yards) compostable material your farm generates, what may be locally available and key characteristics (production rate in tons/month, C/N ratio, moisture content, particle size, etc) of each material. Keep in mind that, oftentimes, composters at any scale are limited by the amount of carbon source they can obtain. Next, consider your seasonal heating needs. Do you have a baseload or regular demand for hot water at 120 F – 140 F? Using an estimate of 1000 BTU/ton/hr of active compost, do any of your heat loads match your compostable material generation rate? You may even start getting a little ahead of yourself like me and consider what new farm enterprise this plentiful heat source might power to improve your farm operation while reducing its impact on the environment. If you find yourself here, or stuck any point in between, be sure to look up Compost Power!
Sam Gorton is a part-time PhD student at the University of Vermont and works as a process engineer involved in the research and development of clean technology. He can be reached at 518-496-4252., at gortonsm@gmail.com or on Facebook and LinkedIn.
Sidebar:
References:
1. Aquatias, P. (1913). Intensive Culture of Vegetables (French System). L Upcott Gill: London, UK.
2. Pain, J. & Pain, I. (1972). Another Kind of Garden: The Methods of Jean Pain. Domaine Les Templiers: Villecroze, France.
3. Fulford, B. (1986). The Composting Greenhouse at New Alchemy Institute: A Report on Two Years of Operation and Monitoring, March 1984 – January 1986. New Alchemy Institute Research Report No.3.
4. Tucker, M.F. (2006). Extracting Thermal Energy from Composting. BioCycle, Vol. 47, No. 8, p. 38.
5. Allain, Conrad (2007). Energy Recovery at Biosolids Composting Facility. BioCycle, Vol. 48, No. 10, p. 50.
6. Compost Power
7. Agrilab
Additional composting resources:
Highfields Center for Composting
Rynck, R. (1992). On-Farm Composting Handbook. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service: Ithaca, NY, USA.
Hello Sam,
I’ve just found this link after doing quite a bit of mainly frustrating internet based research on smaller scale composting to heat greenhouses, and have now built my prototype set up, and am generating temperature data. I’m an ex Cambridge (UK) veterinary surgeon who is fascinated by this subject and its potential to produce valuable usable heating energy, with low capital set up, and running costs, and using widely available raw materials. The fact that I’m in the UK may mean my set up is of no interest, or too small, but I reckon it should be scaleable. If you’re interested, you can follow the link to my last 3 blog posts where some of my design and early temperature/other findings are mentioned. If there’s any way I could be included with any Cornell follow up information, I’d be very grateful,
Best wishes and Happy Christmas,
Julian Wormald, M.A. Vet.M.B.
https://thegardenimpressionists.wordpress.com
Thanks for the wonderful information. https://nivafollowers.in/
Hi Julian,
Thanks for sharing your project and enthusiasm! Your results are very encouraging. We have not used leaf mould as a carbon source, but I’m glad it worked for you. It seems that you have supplemented with animal bedding and manure, as well as human urine. The bedding helps helps provide structure to the compost pile, while the manure adds a balanced nitrogen/carbon source and beneficial microbes. The urine obviously adds concentrated nitrogen. I’m curious how the compost turned out and if you used any supplementary heat in the greenhouse. Do keep in touch, you can reach me at the email address above – anytime.
Best wishes, Sam
Hello Sam,
Thanks for the reply. As of 2/2/2013 I’m still getting heat from the heap – though it has diminished over the last 3 weeks. I’m putting regular monthly updates and thoughts on my blog, with ideas for improvement next year. I’ve used no additional heating apart from the heat from a 100 watt flourescent tube SAD light which runs for a few daytime hours to counter the Welsh winter gloom, and a heat store path, which on rare sunny days, is fed from a 20 watt fan in the greenhouse apex. So far, its kept the ‘inner zone’ ( a polycarbonate insulated lower growing area) above 3 degrees C, in spite of touching minus 17 degrees C at the greenhouse ridge on one night. I also use quite a lot of water filled 2 litre bottles between inner zone and greenhouse wall to act as an additional buffer when it gets really cold, my theory being that the latent heat of fusion as the water freezes might protect the inner zone in very severe weather. So far, my ‘Canaries in the mine’ – 2 Lemon bushes, are looking pretty healthy. Will let you know what the compost looks like, when it’s finished for the season, and spring is here!
BW
Julian
https://thegardenimpressionists.wordpress.com/
Just a side note I have read that the earlyest egg Incubators were Heated by compost In China.
Thanks for your comment Jared – do you happen to recall the reference for compost heat utilization in China? I have only heard anectodotally that the Chinese were using compost heat, nothing formally written.
Hello Sam,
I promised a final update on my system. I’ve just posted the last of 8 posts on my compost bed set up for our small greenhouse. The ‘compost’ itself has turned out to be really useful – courgettes/tomatoes have root systems much better than those grown previously in ordinary garden soil( the compost has a very open structure), and the top growth of the tomatoes is dramatically ahead of anything I’ve managed before – the heap is trickling on in a low key/half empty fashion but may still be useful in ironing out greenhouse temperature variations as we head past mid summer. I include images of the first stages of a near neighbour’s bigger version with even better insulation which he’s setting up for this autumn.
Best wishes
Julian
https://thegardenimpressionists.wordpress.com/2013/06/23/entomological-explosion-growing-tomatoes-organically-in-a-garden-greenhouse-heating-a-greenhouse-with-an-external-compost-bed-part-8-and-egg-on-your-face/
Thanks to all for this info, realy nice! I think about a compact nice looking system for my village garden. Would love to see links for the first seven posts, nr 8 being mentioned in your post… BW John in Denmark
As I plan the pile I’ll build this fall, the question I’m currently pondering is:
Does the entire pile heat up to a consist temperature throughout, or does it compost the same way that a similar pile of dry wood chips would burn i.e. from the outside inward?
Has anyone ever monitored the temperatures throughout the pile throughout its “life”?
Its very interesting to read notes. I am involved with running a cricket and sports club. I would like to follow your lines in order to develop a sustainable project in recycling and composting.
If you can help me in the way of achieving the same would be much appreciated.
Kind regards,
Siva
Hi, I find this very interesting. I was just reading about the “Biomeiler” (Bio- is German for organic and Meiler is German for power plant) thermal power source that has been “online” in Austria for about 4 years and so I decided to look if there was anything similar to this going on in my old home country. Someone in our town here in Germany is using one of these home-made power sources to heat the water in their house and it works fine. The Austrian website is: http://www.biomeiler.at/ but I don’t think they have an English version and it looks like they don’t update it very often. It’s nice to see that someone is developing something like the German/Austrian version in the States. Great work!
It’s a great effort; i appreciate your zeal to recovery metabolic heat of bacteria during composting; keep it up (Y)
Hi!
This article is a bit old, but I’m hoping someone is still monitoring the comments! I’m wondering if anyone has ever used compost heat in a much smaller scale, to keep a livestock tank from freezing in the winter. Could anyone offer some guidance or thoughts on how to go about constructing a compost “insulator” to surround a small (50-60 gallon) water trough? I would appreciate any help! Thank you!
Has anyone ever tried to run the hot water from a compost over a thermogenerator device (peltier) and see how electricity can be output? The temperatures are not high enough for a steam generator, but doing some research I’ve seen these devices work based on temperature differential. If the water is 40 celsius, and the outside air is -10, that would seem like a good differential to work with.
Thanks Tara! I just may do that.
Hi, What a great initiative! It’s always fun to see projects like this being taken on by the community or universities. The concept is very similar to a ground source heat system with underfloor heating but with out the electrical costs. Good luck with the project look forward to hearing how things progress.
Waste composition; characterisation; designing of microbial concoction; providing best food to microbes and environmental conditions define rate; fate and quality of the compost
Waste composition analysis and characterisation play important role in designing microbial inoculant; food for microbes and environmental conditions. Biodegradation prerequisites are C:N ration; energy balance of materials; nutrient balance of materials; pH profile of the materials etc. Biodegradation is of 3 type;
1- Anaerobic 100% (fermentation);
2- Semi Aerobic ~50% of aerobicity and
3-Aerobic 100% (composting).
If this step is perfom successfully then the rate; fate and quality can be defined successfully.It economically viable to recycle moisture and recover heat during the active process of composting.
A well stabilised compost is not mere an “organic matter” it has OM; NPK; humic acid; micronutrients; however it is possible to enrich the compost to make it a complete biofertilizer or organically enriched to make and organic fertilizer.
Heat generated during active composting regime may successfully be recovered through bottom piping for positive aeration; the process of heat is sort of bio-firing in the composting materials; when blowing positive air; biological heat is increased then periodically run the blower negatively to recovery hot (50-70 deg. centigrade) air to the system required to be heated. Recovered heat can’t produce steam but to heat water; floor or room; in case of room we would need an organic filter to purify the hot air
I enjoyed the article and comments. The focus on compost energy is a great idea1 – I am going to try it for use in a greenhouse.
I live on a small equestrian farm in southern Ontario Canada (Stouffville).
One of our biggest costs is electricity especially in the winter where we have to heat the water in the paddocks for the horses.
In early Jan 2018 temperatures of -30 deg Cel were encountered at our farm
One horse produces approximately 9 metric tonnes of manure. Combine that with the wood shavings and hay, one would have significantly more.
We have about 20 horses.
I am trying to create heating stations in each of the paddocks, where a pile of composting manure would heat the water trough in each paddock.
The composting process is about 4.5 months where a temperature of about 70 deg Cel is generated by the composting process.
I am convinced that there must be a way to harness this energy.
Does anybody have any experience or suggestions on this topic?
Shraga
I am just starting into the compost heating thing, but it seems to me the easiest way to keep the water above freezing is to build the troughs in to the pile.
Next easiest would be to run the hot water, collected from the pile, through the troughs and (Just pump the water from the trough, through the pile and back to the trough. I ran across a link of a guy in the snow having a hot shower from water pumped through his compost pile and have seen figures that read 140F at a rate of 1 gallon a miniut output(with a big enough pile of compost.
I am planning on making a pile this winter and seeing if I can keep the water warm in my cow water troughs. Here is articalhttps://waldenlabs.com/compost-water-heaters-from-jean-pain/
Hi George, Thank you for the comment. Let us know if this system works for you!
This is great information. Would you like to see the report I produced for the Welsh Office where I tested 8 different local composting materials over a winter period in Wales. Got some great graphs and technique.
Hi Lynne,
I’d recommend reaching out directly to the author of this article, Sam. He can be reached at 518-496-4252., at gortonsm@gmail.com or on Facebook and LinkedIn.
I have a mechanized plan…it involves a used dump truck, spikes with water running through the inside and sensors…
This is such an interesting read about composting. I recently just embarked into composting through the Bokashi Composting here https://sdmicrobeworks.com/blogs/news/bokashi-composting-5-tips-to-help-you-start-your-home-composting-program So far, it’s working well for me.
What if the coolant water was used to heat the hot cylinder of an Alpha Stirling Engine? If the coolant loop was connected to a water jacket that surrounded the closed end of the cylinder with heated water, then connected back to the loop in the compost heap, the system would reach an equilibrium that would keep the hot cylinder of the Stirling Engine at a relatively constant temperature.
Tanks For Sharing Good Job Hot Water Boiler/Boiler Air Panas
Just saying thanks will not just be sufficient, for the fantastic lucidity in your writing. I will instantly grab your rss feed to stay informed of any updates. Courses in Business Analytics
The evolution of technology is started ages ago and it is in continuation. These trends in technology will be explaining about how the technology is creating new trends in every decade without any failure.
What if the coolant water was used to heat the hot cylinder of an Alpha Stirling Engine? If the coolant loop was connected to a water jacket that surrounded the closed end of the cylinder with heated water, then connected back to the loop in the compost heap, the system would reach an equilibrium that would keep the hot cylinder of the Stirling Engine at a relatively constant temperature.
The evolution of technology is started ages ago and it is in continuation.
The evolution of technology is started ages ago and it is in continuation. These trends in technology will be explaining about how the technology is creating new trends in every decade without any failure.
Heat generated during active composting regime may successfully be recovered through bottom piping for positive aeration; the process of heat is sort of bio-firing in the composting materials; when blowing positive air; biological heat is increased then periodically run the blower negatively to recovery hot (50-70 deg. centigrade) air to the system required to be heated. Recovered heat can’t produce steam but to heat water; floor or room; in case of room we would need an organic filter to purify the hot air
Just saying thanks will not just be sufficient, for the fantastic lucidity in your writing. I will instantly grab your rss feed to stay informed of any updates.
I enjoyed the article and comments. The focus on compost energy is a great idea1 – I am going to try it for use in a greenhouse.
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Education is the key to success, and the advent of technology has made it possible for anyone, anywhere to access high-quality education. ShikshaGlobe is one such platform that offers comprehensive education services to learners from all walks of life. In this article, we will introduce you to ShikshaGlobe, its features, and how it can help you achieve your educational goals.
Table of Contents
What is ShikshaGlobe?
How does ShikshaGlobe work?
ShikshaGlobe’s Features
Online Courses
Career Counselling
Exam Preparation
Student Community
Benefits of Using ShikshaGlobe
ShikshaGlobe’s Reputation
Pricing and Plans
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Just saying thanks will not just be sufficient, for the fantastic lucidity in your writing. I will instantly grab your rss feed to stay informed of any updates. Courses in Business Analytics
I have a mechanized plan…it involves a used dump truck, spikes with water running through the inside and sensors
Heat generated during active composting regime may successfully be recovered through bottom piping for positive aeration; the process of heat is sort of bio-firing in the composting materials; when blowing positive air;
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Table of Contents
What is AdmissionBranch?
How does AdmissionBranch work?
AdmissionBranch’s Features
College and University Search
Application Assistance
Scholarship Search
Career Counselling
Benefits of Using AdmissionBranch
AdmissionBranch’s Reputation
Pricing and Plans
Conclusion
FAQs
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The evolution of technology is started ages ago and it is in continuation.
Tanks For Sharing Good Job
I enjoyed the article and comments. The focus on compost energy is a great idea1 – I am going to try it for use in a greenhouse
Just saying thanks will not just be sufficient, for the fantastic lucidity in your writing. I will instantly grab your rss feed to stay informed of any updates.
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Table of Contents
What is Haryana Open University?
How does Haryana Open University work?
Programs Offered by Haryana Open University
Undergraduate Programs
Postgraduate Programs
Diploma and Certificate Programs
Professional Programs
Features of Haryana Open University
Flexibility
Affordability
Quality Education
Student Support
Haryana Open University’s Reputation
Conclusion
FAQs
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Hi, I find this very interesting. I enjoyed the article and comments. The focus on compost energy is a great idea1 – I am going to try it for use in a greenhouse.
I enjoyed the article and comments. The focus on compost energy is a great idea1 – I am going to try it for use in a greenhouse.
Just saying thanks will not just be sufficient, for the fantastic lucidity in your writing.
Thanks Tara! I just may do that.
I enjoyed the article and comments.
Informative! Really loved your writings about recovery metabolic heat of bacteria during composting; Thanks a lot for sharing.
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Dù là bởi được thừa kế, hay sau nhiều năm làm việc vất vả; bạn tích cóp được số tiền 5 tỷ đồng và muốn dùng nó để đầu tư làm giàu. Với 5 tỷ trong tay, bạn có thể bắt đầu kế hoạch kinh doanh trong nhiều lĩnh vực. Bài viết dưới đây sẽ chia sẻ đến bạn 5 ý tưởng có 5 tỷ nên đầu tư gì để “tiền đẻ ra tiền”; đang được nhiều người quan tâm hiện nay. Cùng tham khảo và lựa chọn cho mình những ý tưởng kinh doanh phù hợp nhé.
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Bối cảnh sau đại dịch COVID-19 đã và đang tạo ra nhiều xu hướng và cơ hội đầu tư – kinh doanh mới trên toàn cầu cũng như ở Việt Nam. Tận dụng tốt và nắm bắt được xu hướng đầu tư 2021 sẽ giúp nhà đầu tư có những bước đi đúng đắn trong việc đầu tư của mình trong năm 2021 này.
Sau “cú sốc” vỡ bong bóng cách đây 2 năm; đặc biệt là sau ảnh hưởng tiêu cực của đại dịch Covid-19 khiến nhà đất Đà Nẵng giảm giá mạnh 2022 dịp đầu năm xuống mức thấp kỷ lục.
Thị trường nhà đất hiện nay ở thành phố Hồ Chí Minh là một trong những thị trường bất động sản tiềm năng cao và thu hút đầu tư nhất tại khu vực. Đặc biệt là những quận trung tâm luôn được xem là các vị trí đắc địa để đầu tư; kinh doanh. Tình hình giao dịch ở đây luôn được cập nhật nhanh nhất trong vùng nhưng cung vẫn không thể đủ cầu. Hãy xem thị trường nhà đất TPHCM trong năm nay sẽ chuyển biến như thế nào nhé.
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Nền kinh tế thị trường có tín hiệu phục sinh từ cuối năm 2021 và đã được kỳ vọng tăng trưởng mạnh trong năm 2022. Chính phủ nước nhà liên tục đẩy mạnh đầu tư công, tạo tiền đề tăng trưởng lâu dài… sẽ là những điều kiện thuận tiện cho chứng khoán nước ta trở nên mới mẻ và phát triển hơn trong năm 2022. Trong bối cảnh đó, chiến lược đầu tư phụ thuộc sự phục hồi của nền kinh tế thị trường cũng được rất nhiều chuyên gia lựa chọn đầu tư trong thời gian 2022
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Biệt thự nhà vườn là loại biệt thự được phối với cảnh quan xanh, tiểu cảnh hay đài phun nước, bể cá… xung quanh. Đây là sự hòa quyện giữa vẻ đẹp kiến trúc và thiên nhiên, mang đến cho gia chủ những phút giây thư giãn, thoải mái mỗi khi trở về nhà, tận hưởng không gian sống xanh.
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The Evolution of News Websites: A Window to the World
In today’s fast-paced digital age, staying informed has never been easier, thanks to the advent of news websites. These online platforms have revolutionized the way we consume news, providing us with instant access to information from around the world. Let’s take a closer look at the evolution of news websites and their impact on how we stay informed. Transfer News
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