15: Record Keeping

15: Record Keeping

Record Keeping is Good Business

At a minimum, your farm will need a record-keeping system for tax and legal compliance and it is highly recommended that you also keep yield and other farm production records that might be useful for making decisions on the farm. For example, many growers keep weather logs so that they can evaluate their practices and yields and then make better growing practice and crop variety decisions for the coming year. You also might consider creating columns or breakouts for your most expensive or profitable enterprises to keep track of profits, and doing an hourly break down periodically to see how much time you or your employees are using on particular enterprises.  Many tools are available at the Cornell Small Farms Program website:

Improving Profitability Tutorial:
https://smallfarms.cornell.edu/plan-your-farm/achieving-or-improving-profitability/

Paper Records

Small farms and many businesses just starting out use the shoebox, or folder, method of accounting. Keep all sales receipts in one folder, expense receipts in another, maintain a capital asset depreciation log, and you may have additional folders for farm yield or other data important to the year. The advantage of this system is that it is simple and easy to do. The disadvantage is that the data is not well organized so when you need farm information you often have to sort through piles of paper and do all computations by hand.

Farm Account Books

Cornell and many accounting services have pre-formatted account books with categories common to agriculture and additional areas for yield and capital asset data.  These are typically of nominal cost ($10-$20). The advantage of the farm account book is that it is easy to understand and the information is well laid out in case you need to access it later. The disadvantage is that the information may not be laid out how you as a manager would like it, may be hard to find, and it is still a hand-entry accounting system so entering farm information may take several hours per week.

Fact Sheet Overview

    To order the Cornell Dairy Farm Account Book, contact The Cornell Store:

    ($24) https://www.cornellstore.com/Cornell-Dairy-Farm-Account-Cream-Cover

    ($15) https://www.cornellstore.com/Cornell-Classic-Farm-Account-Green-Cover

    A Cornell Beef Farm Account book is also available. To purchase a copy  ($10 plus shipping) contact:

    Cornell Cooperative Extension
    Albany County
    (518) 765- 3518

    24 Martin Road
    Voorheesville, NY 12186

    Excel Spreadsheets

    If you can use a basic spreadsheet in Excel or a similar program, this is a good compromise between paper systems and more sophisticated recordkeeping programs. Many new farmers start out with a simple spreadsheet like this one from Cornell: https://blogs.cornell.edu/smallfarms/files/2017/12/HT_Cornell_Account_Book_monthly-1nyhir8-1-19aa59h-17fomj8.xls , which is intended for high tunnel crop producers but can be adapted for any operation. If you don’t need to generate invoices and have a relatively simple, small operation, a spreadsheet like this may serve your needs well for many years.

    Quick Books

    The most common software program for financial management is QuickBooks; however, there are more expensive industry-specific programs specifically designed for dairy farms or wineries, for example. (Try searching online for “winery financial management software.”) If you are intimidated by QuickBooks, try their SimpleStart program from Intuit (search for this online). It’s free and is a good way to ease into using QuickBooks. If you are ready to upgrade at any point, you’ll be able to transfer your records seamlessly into the full QuickBooks program. The Cornell Small Farms Program offers an online course called BF 204: QuickBooks for Farmers: https://cornell-small-farms-program.teachable.com/p/bf-204-quickbooks-for-farmers

    Check out your local credit unions, banks, and Cooperative Extension to find out if they offer any in-person QuickBooks trainings.

    Farm Records Service

    Some farmers choose to mail all invoices to an accounting service where the accountant will enter the information into a computer records system, provide you with detailed monthly business statements, and perform all tax functions. Farm Credit East at www.farmcrediteast.com/ is one company that provides these services.

    The advantage of this system is that it provides a person who does not have the time, understanding of accounting, or computer skills the highest level of records information.  The disadvantage is that this system has the highest cost and the monthly business statements take a few weeks to process and get back whereas the person utilizing an on-farm computer records system will have those statements in real-time.